The variations found between the various strata of the language occurring in the Old Testament are slight compared with the difference between modern and ancient Arabic. In the earliest period it no doubt resembled the classical Arabic of the 7th and following centuries. Hebrew as it appears to us in the Old Testament is in a state of decadence corresponding to the present position of spoken Arabic. Sprachen the comparative grammars of Wright and Brockelmann CIS article "Semitic Languages" in Encyclopedia Brit, and Murray's Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Renan, Histoire generale et systeme compare des langues semitiques F. A few inscriptions have been recovered, i.e., the Siloam Inscriptions, a Hebrew calendar, a large number of ostraka from Samaria, a score of pre-exilic seals, and coins of the Maccabees and of the time of Vespasian and Hadrian.Į. Of Old Hebrew the remains are contained almost entirely in the Old Testament. The language of the Old Testament is called Old Hebrew in contrast to the New Hebrew of the Mishna, the rabbinic, the Spanish poetry, etc. From the time of the Targums, Hebrew is called "the sacred tongue" in contrast to the Aramaic of everyday use. In other passages it is doubtful which is meant.
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The term Hebrew in the New Testament denotes the language of the Old Testament in Revelation 9:11, but in John 5:2 19:13,17 this term means the vernacular Aramaic. In Isaiah 19:18 it is called poetically, what in fact it was, "the language (Hebrew "lip") of Canaan." In the appendix to the Septuagint of Job it is called Syriac and in the introduction to Ecclesiasticus it is for the first time-that is, in 130 BC-named Hebrew. In the Old Testament itself this language is called "the Jews' " ( 2 Kings 18:26,28). With the exception of a few chapters and fragments mentioned below, the Old Testament is written entirely in Hebrew. Language of Assyria-Babylonian inscriptions. (b) West or Palestinian Aramaic of the Targums, Palestinian Talmud (Gemara), Biblical Aramaic ("Chaldee"), Samaritan, language of Nabatean inscriptions. (a) East Aramaic or Syrian (language of Syrian Christians), language of Babylonian Talmud, Mandean Including Hebrew, old and new, Phoenician, with Punic, and Moabite (language of MS). Arabic is now spoken from the Caucasus to Zanzibar, and from the East Indies to the Atlantic. Including the language of the Sabean (Himyaritic) inscriptions, as well as Ge'ez or Ethiopic. The following list shows the chief members of this family: These languages were spoken from the Caspian Sea to the South of Arabia, and from the Mediterranean to the valley of the Tigris. To show, however, that the description does not fit exactly the thing described-the Elamites and Lydians having probably not spoken a Shemitic language, and the Canaanites, including Phoenicians, with the colonists descended from those at Carthage and elsewhere in the Mediterranean coast lands, as well as the Abyssinians (Ethiopians), who did, being reckoned descendants of Ham ( Genesis 9:18 10:6)-the word is now generally written "Semitic," a term introduced by Eichhorn (1787).
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The languages spoken in Southwestern Asia during the historical period dealt with in the Bible have been named Shemitic, after the son of Noah from whom the majority of peoples speaking these languages-Arabs, Hebrews, Arameans and Assyrians ( Genesis 10:21)-were descended. There were only two languages employed in the archetypes of the Old Testament books (apart from an Egyptian or Persian or Greek word here and there), namely, Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic, both of which belong to the great family of languages known as Semitic.